Tsunamis Essay - 3702 Words

Tsunamis Table of Contents 1 Introduction: 2 Impact to human life: 3 Impact to Non-human life: 4 Impact to the Environment: 7 Impact to the Economy: 8 American Red Cross Assistance: 9 Conclusion: 13 Bibliography: 14 Introduction: A massive Tsunami (Japanese for â€Å"Harbor wave†) had hit southern Asia the day after Christmas 2004. The cause of the Tsunami was an offshore earthquake that results in the tectonic plates being displaced and the creation of a vertical shift in the ocean floor. This vertical shift lead to a large volume of water being uplifted and turned to create a huge wave that traveled up to 300 miles per hour, gradually slowing as it reached the shore. At that time, people in†¦show more content†¦These countries had neither the proper disaster warning systems nor any type of acceptable emergency shelters. Additionally, they did not have an ample number of hospitals, medicines, supplies of food and enough shelters to care for the survivors of the tsunami. Therefore the wounded died suffering infections, hunger and depression and left thousands possibly missing. The tsunami washed parts of countries away leaving the inhabitants in total devastation. Though, the worst is yet to c ome. It has been found that people are now drinking from tainted water supplies, since the fact that many resources or cargoes were unable to reach the people in a timely manner. The need for clean water is pressing. Health officials say that cases of diarrhea illness were reported across the areas of South Asia. The World Health Organization predicated that about five million survivors of the calamity are at the risk of getting infections from the disease (Dr Samlee Plianbangchang, 2005). Volunteers attempting to treat the survivors are still struggling to provide the necessary help across all the nations affected. In addition to the diarrhea illnesses, there are major concerns about other illnesses such as cholera and typhoid. People can become infected very easily with the consumption of tainted food and water. Once infected, the individual can suffer form diarrhea, dehydration, and eventually death. Other illnessesShow MoreRelatedTsunami And The Tsunami Of Japan880 Words   |  4 Pagesthings come to life, it can be disastrous. Tsunamis can travel at speeds of 500 miles per hour and it is very hard for them to lose energy. Tsunamis retain their energy, meaning they can travel across entire oceans with very small amounts of energy being lost. These tsunami waves can reach heights above 100 feet. Two tsunamis that stand out from all others are the Sumatra tsunami and the Japan tsunami. Looking at these allows us to see just how destructive tsunamis can be. On March 11, 2011 a magnitudeRead MoreTsunami Of Tsunamis : Tsunami875 Words   |  4 Pages Tsunami Name: Institution: Tsunami Tsunamis are some of the most destructive naturally occurring phenomenon in the world. Tsunami refers to a massive ocean wave caused by natural forces such as volcanic eruptions, landslides and underground earth quakes. A large percentage of Tsunamis occur in areas of massive volcanic activities and places with intense earthquake. Thus, Tsunamis are more likely to occur at the bottom of the ocean where there is massive volcanic activities. AlthoughRead MoreThe Tsunami Of Indian Ocean Tsunami913 Words   |  4 Pages EAS121 Indian Ocean Tsunami On the date of December 27, 2004 something happened that nobody could have imagined. One of the most devastating earthquake erupted under the ocean as it happened near the Sumatra Island. The earthquake took place 6.2 miles under the water. The earthquake had a high magnitude of 9.0 on a Richter scale which triggered a massive tsunami. Tsunamis are specific in their origins and result from larger earthquakes. The tsunami that was caused by an earthquakeRead MoreThe Earthquake Tsunami Of Tsunami1084 Words   |  5 PagesGeography 5/27/17 Tsunami There are many types of natural disaster that are quite deadly (earthquake, tornado, volcanic eruption, etc.). Out of all natural disaster that ever occurs on earth, I believe that tsunami is by far most interesting one out of all. The reason why tsunami is very interesting is because it can be triggered by many causes (earthquake, volcanic eruption, underwater landslide, fall of a large mass, etc.) On this research paper; I will explain what exactly is tsunami, the 2004 SumatraRead MoreDevastating Tsunami in Thailand1750 Words   |  7 Pages Tsunami in in Thailand 2004 The tsunami in Thailand that occurred on December 26, 2004, was by far the largest tsunami catastrophe in human history. It was triggered by a magnitude 9.1-9.3 earthquake along the Indian-Australian seduction zone off the northern coast of Sumatra. The tsunami waves traveled primarily in the east to west direction and caused major damage along the coasts of southern Thailand. Unpredictably, it was a violent earthquake beneathRead MoreCause and Effect Tsunamis1452 Words   |  6 PagesWhat exactly are tsunamis? Tsunamis are immensely strong, long length and long period sea waves. Tsunamis have caused much grief and sorrow for anyone who have experienced it. The term tsunami comes from the Japanese language meaning harbor and wave. The term was created by fishermen who returned to port to find the area surrounding their harbor devastated, although they had not been aware of any wave in the open water. Tsunamis are common throughout Japanese history, as 195 events in Japan haveRead MoreTsunami And Its Effects On The Ocean1203 Words   |  5 PagesTsunami are waves caused by sudden movement of the ocean due to earthquakes, landslides on the floor of the sea, land falling into the ocean, volcanic eruptions, or large meteorite impacts. Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of large magnitude at the seafloor. When large slabs of rock are forced to slide along each other suddenly causing the water to move. The wave that is formed from this moves outwards and away from the earthquake epicenter. Landslides can cause tsunamis and so can land whichRead MoreThe Killer Wave And Tsunami1213 Words   |  5 Pagesaway overnight. The event is called tsunami, which means (Killer Wave) in the Japanese language. Unlike your typical overland downslope flow of water, masses amount of displace water rises overland and then recedes back to the ocean. Plate tectonics, earthquakes, violent storms and landslides are well understood causes of this event; however, the killer wave or Tsunami is so rare that we fail to understand how in depth and devastating it is. The Indonesian tsunami of 2004 video highlighted the trueRead More Physics of Tsunamis Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesTsunamis are waves, or series of waves, created by a disturbance in the ocean. Most of the time this disturbance is by an earthquake but can be from meteorites, landslides, or even explosions. They are sometimes known as tidal waves but this is a misnomer because tsunamis have nothing to do with tides. While tsunamis are feared particularly in light of the December 26th tsunami, the physics behind them is fascinating. One the largest tsunamis in recent history was the Cascadia tsunami in 1700Read MoreThe Japanese 2011 Tsunami844 Words   |  3 Pagesnatural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis. Over the years they have gained much knowledge of earthquakes and tsunamis, but did not put all of it to use. In the 2011 tsunami/earthquake, some damage could have been avoided if Japan were as prepared for the tsunami as they were for the earthquake. Japan should use what it already knows and learn from its experiences in order to prepare more effectively in case of a future natural disaster. The 2011 tsunami/earthquake is an earthquake of a magnitude

Jewish Non Profit Organizations Amir, Hazon And My...

This paper will discuss three Jewish non-profit Organizations: Amir, Hazon and My Jewish Learning Experience, and their fundamentals, procedures, and goals. These nonprofits have one essential aspect in common; they all fall under the category of Slingshot Organizations. Slingshot, which originated in 2004, grew out of the Jewish community s desire to better understand the Jewish organizations in existence. With help from the Bronfman family and staff, Slingshot is a resource guide to Jewish Innovation. It consisted of a list of the 50 most cutting-edge Jewish nonprofits in North America. Every year Slingshot chooses another 50 Jewish organizations, and there is no limit to how many times an organization can be mentioned. The question I have for Slingshot is why choose 50 organizations to target why not 100 or 25? The Slingshot Fund was officially founded in 2007, and targeted organizations that worked with the next generation. It taught the funders how to manage a non-profit b y reviewing grant proposals, and learning how to best allocate funds. Slingshot s mission statement is to build improvement among the Jewish community by creating next-generation funders, and allocating resources in order to strengthen their influence on Jewish life. In order to fulfill this mission, they carry out, facilitate, and manage programs in order to build and improve upon three significant activities. Slingshot is not only a source of funding, but also a powerful leader and voice

Internet of Things in Wearable Device in Health Care †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Internet of Things in Wearable Device in Health Care. Answer: Introduction Internet of Things is a modern technology to control and maintain the internet into devices. The interconnection of the devices with the help of internet can be possible with help of Internet of Things. The role of IoT is allowing the remote devices connected with other devices. This report deals with the use of IoT in the wearable devices in health care industry. The report discusses about various problems faced by the patients in the health care. The use of the IoT has helped in providing a quality care services to the patients in the hospitals and at home. This report outlines about various projects to provide support to the patients in the hospitals. There are various devices discussed in the report used in the health care industry. The problems faced by the patients are focused in the report. People suffering from various health problems are facing problems due to bad services of the hospitals in the local area nearby. They are busy in their daily life for visiting doctor for a daily check up (Batista et al, 2012). This causes a serious condition for the people in the society regarding health care. The fees of the doctors in the clinic is high that is not affordable by people in the society. Due to the busy daily routine, people are not able to avail a quality care services in the hospitals and health care centers. Solution with features The Internet of things has helped in solving the problems faced by the people in the society regarding the health care services. There are various projects initiated in the internet of things to develop wearable devices for monitoring the health condition of human (Bonomi et al., 2012). These wearable devices help in maintaining the health of the human. The wearable devices including smart wristwatch and motion trackers help in monitoring the patients even at their home. The motion tracker device is made by Apple Inc. helps in tracking the motion of the human in the human. This sensor analyses the motion of the human and provide report according to the movement of the human parts (Gubbi et al., 2013). The point of having connected devices is a first step to revolutionize way of operating the devices and to make the human life simpler. Explanation of working The wearable devices are attached with the human body as shown in the figure 1. These motion sensors track the motion of the human body parts and send signals according to the health condition. These devices are connected with the cloud computing over the internet. The reports are stored in the cloud storage services. These wearable can be access by the smart phones and watches. The wearable devices monitor the motion of the human body to analyze the health condition of the person. As commented by Mennicken, Vermeulen Huang, (2014), the internet of things has provided a revolutionary approach to the health care services provided to the persons in the hospitals abs homes. The wearable devices has been able to provide a critical approach towards the fundamental duties of the care providers in the hospitals. These devices produce a report regarding the health condition of the person. These devices work on the rechargeable Li-on battery. Some wearable devices run on the pulse of the hum an body. This helps in checking the pulse rate of the human body (Miorandi et al., 2012). Pros and Cons of the wearable devices in health care industry Wearable devices have following advantages: Accessibility The wearable devices in care can be accessed from anywhere. These wearable devices are worn by an individual and can perform all the daily duties in the society. Therefore, these wearable devices are user-friendly and can be easily accessible by an individual (Tariq et al., 2012). These wearable devices are attractive in visual and can be worn as luxury items. Cost It reduces the cost of fees of the doctor in the clinic for daily check up. Therefore, the cost of treatment is reduced with the use of the wearable devices (Xia et al., 2012). A personal check up is possible with the help of the wearable devices in the health care devices. Security The data regarding the check up of an individual are stored in the cloud-using internet. These wearable devices are connected with the cloud services through internet. This helps in securing the data and statistics report related to the health of an individual. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of the wearable devices in health care industry. These devices are too much costly initially. These devices are not affordable to all individuals. Individual can damage the devices due to continue use in their daily life (Gubbi et al., 2013). These devices might cause skin allergies as worn all day long by individuals. Though it has some limitations, wearable device concept is accepted all over the world. Conclusion It can be concluded that the internet of things has helped a lot in the health care industry in various ways. The wearable devices can range from various products in the health care industry. These devices are connected with the cloud services to back up the data related to health issues. Thus, it can be concluded from report that IoT integration in health care can effective changes in buildings or in the market itself. The point of having connected devices is a first step to revolutionize way of operating the devices and to make the human life simpler. The operations and interactions are constantly changing leading to operations. References Batista, N. C., Melcio, R., Matias, J. C., Catalo, J. P. (2012, October). ZigBee wireless area network for home automation and energy management: Field trials and installation approaches. InInnovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Europe), 2012 3rd IEEE PES International Conference and Exhibition on(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., Addepalli, S. (2012, August). Fog computing and its role in the internet of things. InProceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing(pp. 13-16). ACM. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future generation computer systems,29(7), 1645-1660. Jain, S., Vaibhav, A., Goyal, L. (2014, February). Raspberry Pi based interactive home automation system through E-mail. InOptimization, Reliabilty, and Information Technology (ICROIT), 2014 International Conference on(pp. 277-280). IEEE. Mennicken, S., Vermeulen, J., Huang, E. M. (2014, September). From today's augmented houses to tomorrow's smart homes: new directions for home automation research. InProceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing(pp. 105-115). ACM. Miorandi, D., Sicari, S., De Pellegrini, F., Chlamtac, I. (2012). Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges.Ad Hoc Networks,10(7), 1497-1516. Tariq, M., Zhou, Z., Wu, J., Macuha, M., Sato, T. (2012, October). Smart grid standards for home and building automation. InPower System Technology (POWERCON), 2012 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Xia, F., Yang, L. T., Wang, L., Vinel, A. (2012). Internet of things.International Journal of Communication Systems,25(9), 1101.

Progression of Engaging Job World Through †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Progression Of Engaging Job World Through? Answer: Introduction Career growth is a lifelong progression of engaging the job world through selecting among occupation opportunities that are available. Many factors influence peoples choice of a career and these include; personal talents and educational achievement (bandura et al., 2001). Choices made in university and afterwards depend on peoples level of self-knowledge and can finally define your competitiveness in the job market and the degree of profession accomplishment and meaningfulness possessed by people (Bullock and McConnell, 2014). An individual should identify his interests and what he is good at in order to select a career wisely. Writing a career action plan involves stages such as self-assessment, career exploration and making a final decision (Ye, 2014). When you identify what you want be career-wise, it will be easy to establish your goals. Your career achievement plan will consist of goals and the procedures you will follow to reach them (Keller, 2016). Critical reflection Self-reflection is time for a person to look at him/herself and learns what drives him, his belief system and his opinions of the previous experiences (Park and Lee, 2011). My interests To stay encouraged in my career I have engaged in activities which are of importance to me, While I was in high school my favorite subject was biology and my love for biology pushed me to do bachelors of Science in microbiology in my undergraduate studies (Endres, 2006). After I graduated from the university, I worked at agricultural research Centre where I was carrying evaluation of maize inbred lines and commercial hybrids for aflatoxin resistance. My interest was to discover maize lines that can resist aflatoxin accumulation because aflatoxin is a major problem that affects people worldwide especially in countries that are developing. The effects of aflatoxin in both humans and livestock which included growth retardation in children, cancer, food insecurity in poor countries, and reduced productivity in livestock pushed me to go back to graduate school where I studied Master of Science in Plant Pathology and I deed my research on evaluation of Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains for aflatoxin resistance in maize for three years. My research on biological control of aflatoxin showed that the biopesticide reduced aflatoxin levels in maize but my ambition in finding a lasting solution to aflatoxin problem in both developing and developed countries is still alive. I would like to be a plant pathologist in future who will improve the quality of peoples live through my scientific research especially on reducing effects of plant diseases and enhancing food security in the world.my career will help me get a well-paying job that will support both my family and me. I would like to do my PhD in mycotoxilogy in the near future and do more research on mycotoxins that negatively impacts peoples life and I can also start my own business through opening plant clinic to diagnose plant diseases and help farmers to get right pesticides to control plant diseases. My 3 key strengths I have worked in microbiology laboratories for the last 3 years and I have been trained in microbiological processes such as isolation, identifications and purification of microbial cultures. I can work in other laboratories and can do research anywhere in the world for I have skills to carry out any field activities and laboratory work concerning microorganisms. I am interested in doing more research on discovering new isolates of fungi that can reduce aflatoxin level in maize, I want to understand technologies used by other scientist from other parts of the world such as American, United Kingdom to manage various fungal diseases in crops. I have energy and ambition to do more research on the above area of my interest. Reading widely about my areas of interest in scientific research has been my hobby science I was young and I believe this is my strength. I dedicate most of my times reading scientific papers in scientific journals and this has widen my knowledge on different technologies that have been used to mitigate different diseases caused by fungi in food crops. I also dedicate my time in laboratory where I did my research on biological control of aflatoxin and however time consuming and tiring it is has never discouraged me from wanting to do more research and pursue my career of becoming a lead plant pathologist in this world. My career will not only benefit me but other people who depend on food crops such as maize and groundnuts as their staple food. In summary my key strength towards discovering my career is my education background, my work experiences in research, my love and ambition of becoming a lead scientist and my unending desire for inventing new technologies that will in future e nd aflatoxin menace especially in developing countries (Khasawneh, 2010). My 3 main career influences My mentor who was my first employer is the person who has influenced me in choosing my career (Heo, 2015). He gave me a job where he was a principal investigators, he is a maize breeder and he gave me hands on training on field management trials (evaluating maize lines and hybrid for aflatoxin resistance).while working with him I was able to learn a lot through international trainings that I attended especially on the importance of Bt maize and mass rearing of stem borer. He encouraged me to go back and pursue my master degree and made me believe in myself. The training and experienced that I gained from working with the agricultural research Centre influenced my career choice (Kang and Lee, 2011). I developed interest on controlling diseases and pests that affects maize production through working in maize research. My thesis research on biological control of aflatoxin is another factor that influenced my career choice. I spent 3 years on pursuing my masters program and the part that took most of my time was the field and laboratory research that I did which has influenced my career choice. The last factor that influenced my career choice is the amount of income that I got being a research assistant and also I was given good stipend while I was a master student doing my research. The income I received catered for my personal needs including housing, food and also I was given accident and medical cover. How my key strengths and my main career influences impact my career action plan My strength which strengths such as my educational background, skills and experiences I gained while working and doing my thesis research impacts my career action because am not going to venture in a different field but I am determine to look for a job in an institution or organization that deals with research on mycotoxins. I would like to pursue PhD in plant pathology specializing in mycotoxilogy and finally I hope to mentor students in universities especially those interested in pursuing plant pathology degree and I can also work in universities as lecturer. The job offers that I will accept is the one that will pay well thus the amount of income that I will be paid will be a determining factor in this case. Career Action Plan A career action plan is a road map that guides people from selecting a profession to be hired in that occupation to accomplishing their long-term career goals. My short term goals include: Completing my graduate school application and getting the admission, completing my applications for PhD scholarships and getting the scholarship and starting internship process. My medium term goals include: completing doctoral degree, completing postdoctoral degree programs and getting employment. Steps to take to reach my short goals include: Application for admission to graduate school that offers PhD in Plant Pathology, application for scholarships that can support both my tuition and research expenses and application for internship that will cater for my personal needs before I get admission and scholarship to study PhD. Steps to take to reach my medium term goals include: getting admission to pursue PhD, joining a postdoctoral degree programs and application for jobs in research organizations and as a lecturer at universities. Three barriers to achieving my actions with accompanying proactive solutions Barriers that can hinder me from achieving my career goals include: Lack of internship opportunities, sometimes it is possible to get rejection for admission to the graduate school of my choice, Lack of financial resources to pursue my PhD and lack of employment as a barrier to achieving employment goals. Solutions to above listed barriers include: In case of lack of internship opportunities in my country, I can apply for internship in organization in other countries, also some international organizations can give interns opportunities. I can overcome financial barriers by working as a part time lecturer as I pursue my PhD so that the finance I get can support both my research and tuition expenses. Lack of employment of opportunity in the field of ones interest can be overcome by applying for jobs that are available in the market as I wait for the desired opportunity to come. I can apply for admissions to many graduate schools both in country and outside my country and am sure I will get positive feedback at least from one or two universities. Conclusion Family, mentors, school and peoples community have impact on young adults self-identity and profession choice (Kim, 2014). Events that happened in our lives may affect the choices presented to us and changes in economy and subsequent job market may also affect our careers progress (Kemmelmeier and Walton, 2016). People who understand their interest can easily choice a career compared to those who cannot identify their interest (Kim et al., 2016). Identifying barriers that could hinder our capability to reach our goals and then figuring out solutions can assist in overcoming them References Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Carparara, G. V. and Pastorelli, C. (2001). Self- efficacy beliefs as shapers childrens aspirations and career trajectories. Children development, 72: 187-206. Bullock-Yowell, E., McConnell, A. E., Schedin, E. A. (2014). Decided and Undecided Students: Career Self-efficacy, Negative Thinking, and Decision-Making Difficulties. NACADA Journal 34(1): 22-34. Endres, M. L. (2006). The Effectiveness of Assigned Goals in Complex Financial Decision Making and the Importance of Gender. Theory and Decision 61(2):129-157. Kang, R. and Lee. M. (2011). The Influence of Adolescent's Career Attitude, Occupation Value, and Social Support on Career Preparation Behavior. Korean Journal of Human Ecology 20(5): 941-953. Heo, J. (2015). Effect of Career Group Counseling Program on Career Attitude Maturity and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy of Adolescents on Probation. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association 15(11):154-164. Kemmelmeier, M. and Walton, A. P. (2016). Creativity in Men and Women: Threat, Other-Interest, and Self-Assessment. Creativity Research Journal 28(1):78-88. Keller, T. (2016). If grades are not good enough -The role of self-assessment in the transition to tertiary education. International Journal of Educational Research 77:62-73. Khasawneh, S. (2010). Factors Influencing the Career Planning and Development of University Students in Jordan. Australian Journal of Career Development 19(2): 41-48. Kim, B., Rhee, E., Ha, G., Yang, J. and Lee, S. (2016). Tolerance of Uncertainty: Links to Happenstance, Career Decision Self-Efficacy, and Career Satisfaction. The Career Development Quarterly 64 (2):140-152. Kim, M. (2014). Family Background, Students Academic Self-Efficacy, and Students Career and Life Success Expectations. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling 36(4): 395-407. Park, S., Kim, J. and Lee. T. (2011). Effect of Occupational Therapy Volunteering on Self-esteem and Self-efficiency in University Students. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association 11(2):376-384. Ye, Y. (2014). Role of career decision-making self-efficacy and risk of career options on career decision-making of chinese graduates. Psychological reports 114(2): 625-634.

The Effect of Technological Change on the Distribution of Income

Introduction The effect of technological change on the distribution of income is becoming widely recognized and documented based on its effects on patterns of local and international trade. Technological innovations affect the patterns of local and international trade because of increased efficiency in production. There is a huge literature on technological innovations and transfer of technology as it relates to local and international trade.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Technological Change on the Distribution of Income specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Interestingly, world trade has not fully adopted the literature and policies on technological transfer in spite of the vast information on the outcomes of technological innovations (Krugman, 1979, p. 253). In the appraisal of the effects of technological change on the distribution of income, two economic issues arise, which are efficiency and equi ty (Scobie Posada, 1978, p. 87). To begin with, technological change has led to an increased efficiency in production that scholars attribute to increased income. The increase in efficiency, as measured by increased work output, results from adoption of new technological innovations (David Otsuka, 1994, p. 12). Moreover, technological innovations lead to increase product life cycle attributable to product development and improvement. The increase in output leads to a higher income measure in Gross Domestic per Product (G.D.P). The change in technology has led to increase industrialization and urbanization, which raises concerns of equity on the structure of industrial distribution of income. The development of industrialization as accompanied by technological change leads to rural-urban migration. The total income distribution of the whole population is a sum of the income distribution of the rural and urban populations. Therefore, it is deducible that the urban population has hig her average per capita income than the rural population. Moreover, the gap in percentage share of income distribution is to some extent higher in the urban population than the rural population (Kuznets, 1995, p. 5). One can understand the income distribution using three concepts, which are functional distribution, extended functional distribution, and size distribution. Functional distribution is relative to the concern of primary production factors such as land, capital, and labour. Technological change lies in the extended functional distribution of income that relates to the mode of production. Lastly, size distribution is attributed to income levels of society. This essay paper uses the extended functional approach of income distribution to discuss the effects of technological change on the distribution of income.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Extended Functional A pproach Most economic theories rely on the extended functional approach of income distribution. The aggregations to the extended functional approach vary between different countries depending on the country itself and the problem under study such as technological effects on income distribution (Adelman Robinson, 1989, p. 965). The Orthodox Marxian view of the extended functional approach is that it would be a political interest if major conflicts in politics would rely on the nature of main assets possessed. The modern Marxists consider various views of the extended functional distribution and argue on which version suitable (Adelman Robinson, 1989, p. 965). The income distribution is based on various groups in developing countries, which include rural and urban group, the industry based group, and importers and exporters. However, there is no difference among various groups in the simple model of the extended functional approach. Thus, it cannot represent economic pressure on pol icies of developing countries. However, the extended functional distribution approach gives a good platform for analysing the policy conflicts that give a better understanding of the relationship between the economies and politics of the developing countries. The extended functional approach relies on several models to address its concerns. To begin with, there is the classical view model of the extended functional approach that originally rested on the distribution of power and income amongst the elite in rural areas and rising manufacturing groups in urban areas (Adelman Robinson, 1989, p. 965). The classical view rests on the characteristics of production; yet, Ricardo later made much contribution on the development of the theory. Ricardo’s theory of distribution creates a distinction between the market wage rate and natural wage rate (Adelman Robinson, 1989, p. 966). The market wage rate varies with demand and supply of labour while the market wage rate is the long-run equilibrium of market rate fluctuation. In his view, the capital accumulation is a cause of labour employment. Thus, accumulation determines the net income. Decline on Agricultural returns lead to a reduction in profits. Technological innovations could stop the decline in Agricultural returns. However, the innovations are also subject to decline. Thus, a fall in Agricultural return could be a temporary phenomenon. The classical view does not relate the demand of products to the functional distribution. Thus, distribution is entirely a technological and sociocultural trend. Politics will influence development strategies, as well as the development of organisational structure in the economy. Hence, functional distribution depends on political and economic choices in addition to technological change.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Technological Change on the Distribution of Income specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, the dual economy model by Lewis helps one to understand the relationship between labour and supply. In the model, Lewis makes assumption of a constant supply of labour in the agricultural sector in a developing country. Therefore, the market wage and natural wage are constantly equal and the workers in the industrial sector are paid wage that is higher than the Agricultural subsistence wage. Reinvestment in other parts Agricultural sector leads to increased national income attributed to labour wage being constant. As a result, the income distribution is dependent on the wages shared between the agricultural sector and the modern sector. Moreover, the distribution of national income depends on the ratio of the population to land and technology use. The growth of income from subsistence farming results from increased land rates that are attributed to increase competition due to population growth. There is unfair distribution of income because the benefits of te chnological use are accrued to land and industry owners. In the evaluation of the rate of land investment to increased income, Fai and Ranis focused on labour issues using a mathematical model. The model explains that when the excess supply of labour goes to the industrial sector, their wages increase. There is no loss in both sectors as the investment rate takes a U-turn in relation to turning the point of absorption of labour ( Adelman, Robinson,1989, p. 968). Moreover, there is the Marxian model that gives an ethical judgement of the functional distribution theory. According to Adelman and Robinson (1989, p. 969), the Marxian model connects to the neoclassical economist theory, which indicates the value of the product, is related to the value of each production factor. The model, as Adelman and Robinson point out, postulates that the returns to the capital in addition to wages should be part of the labour because the capital is same as congealed labour. In the model, a capitalis tic view of labour payment, which it does not reflect the marginal product Adelman and Robinson (1989, p. 969). However, it relates to cycles of a sociocultural defined level of substance. The difference between the wage bill and total income gives the surplus value that can reflect the rate of labour exploitation. The productivity of capital increases with an increase in the capital-labour ratio, as population growth is exogenous. The rate of capital accumulation is dependent on income distribution between wage earners and profit takers as the wage earners do not make savings. As a result, the rate of capital accumulation also determines the rate of technical change, labour employment, and functional distribution of income in the subsequent periods. Furthermore, the Neo-Keynesian models of extended functional distribution can be used to explain the effects of technological use on income distribution attributed to capital accumulation and choice of growth rate. In a fixed growth rat e, the rate of investment is constant and thus adjustments should be made in the income distribution between savers and non- savers. In practice, the rate of investment is not a function of the mode of savings postulated by the model.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kaldor suggests that the rate of development is dependent on capital and the capital is related to the supply of savings for investment. Moreover, technological adaptation affects the rate of investment and consequently the distribution of income ( Adelman, Robinson,1989, p. 969). In addition, the availability of natural resources and scarcity of wage goods also affect the rate of investment. The inflation rates will also affect the incomes of low-income earners. The growth of the output of the agricultural sector constrains the rate of industrial growth. The developments in the natural sense worsen the income distribution of the poor in the society because urbanisation that leads to a reduced income in rural areas. In case of inflation, a shift in production costs is shared along the production chain. Thus, the income of the poor in the society goes down. Lastly, the neoclassical model of the extended functional approach explains the functional distribution of income (Adelman Rob inson, 1989, p. 970). The approach focuses on the role of capital as a major factor of production giving a great emphasis on time factor. Moreover, the role of entrepreneurship in production is included thereby incorporating the risk factor in production. This approach from the Austrian school suggests that each factor of production has a marginal product cost that relates to thrift and risk bearing outcomes. The approach justifies the Marxian view on exploitation of labour in its marginal revolution to neoclassical theory. Walrasian provides a model of competitive equilibrium of the neoclassical model in that a Pareto optimum is attained when the marginal costs of all products are paid. The markets held clear that there is no exploitation of any individual in the production chain. In a purely competitive equilibrium, the implications of distributions are optimal or rather undesirable (Adelman Robinson, 1989, p. 970). Several policies can alter the distribution of income based on t he initial change of distribution, post-equilibrium transfer of income, and a combination of the of pre and post equilibrium adjustments to market prices and taxes. In a static society, people should not incur costs because of inefficiency in production. In addition, there should be lump-sum transfers and distortion incentives for efficiency and equity in tradeoffs. Evidence and Analysis The approach of extended functional distribution of income is quite relevant in discussing the effect of technological change on income distribution because it disaggregates income distribution by sector and mode of production. The mode of production relates to technological changes in developing and developed economies (Galor Zeira, 1993, p. 37). To begin with, technological change affects the distribution of income based on various sectors of the economy. Technological change affects income distribution in the agricultural sector because of the replacement of human labour with machines, which led to an increase in unemployment rate. Making an argument based on the classical view of the approach, the ownership of the production factors shifts to the land elites and manufacturers. With technological change, there is a shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming. As a result, there is increased privatisation in the agricultural sector with the ownership of the large-scale farms and businesses being dominated by rich and wealthy individuals (Stiglitz, 1969, p. 384). Moreover, technological change leads to increase industrialization and urbanisation. Thus, rural to urban migration is evident. The total income distribution is an average of the rural and urban population. It is clear that the income share of the people in rural areas is lower than the urban sector population. Despite the increased employment rates that result from technological change, there is increased work output of the workers because of increased efficiency in production. Using the model of a dual ec onomy, one can conclude that technological change leads to decline in income distribution as the large share of income goes to the property owner and manufacturers. The functional distribution of income tends to have a ‘U’ move against the wage earners. Therefore, there will be a decrease in the national income. It arises from land ownership taxes since the sharing of the national product depends on the ratio of the population to the land and technological use. The benefits of technical change in agricultural production accrue to the landowners and manufacturers creating inequality in the distribution of income (Kumar Russell, 2002, p. 529). On the other hand, technological change may have a minimal effect on the distribution of income based on the Marxian model. The change in factors of production is directly proportional to the value of products. The shift of the cost of production from the producers to consumers invalidates shifts in patterns of income distribution related to technological change. Technological change is dependent on the capital accumulation that arises from the distribution of income between the wage earners and the profit. As determined, the wage earners do not make saving. Furthermore, technological change affects the rate of investment, which has effects on income distribution between the savers and non-savers based on the Neo-Keynesian model. The choice of the growth rate of the economy determines the distribution of income. Technological change leads to an increased growth rate of investments. In turn, the percentage of income shared increases. Technological change, therefore, creates a gap in the income distribution between the rural sector and the urban sector where technology has been adopted (Card, 2002, p. 733). Lastly, the change on income distribution is dependent on initial investment, post-equilibrium transfer of income, and adjustment of prices through taxes and subsidies at pre and post equilibrium transfers b ased on the neoclassical approach of extended income distribution. Technological change is a part of the post-equilibrium transfer of income (Cutler, Katz, 1992, p. 548). Technological change leads to increased efficiency of production and reduced time of production. With the payment of the marginal product of technological change being a factor of production, there is Pareto equilibrium of income distribution. Therefore, nobody is worse off in income distribution. However, the effects of competition because of technological change lead to inequality in distribution of income. Conclusion In the recent past, people could not question anything to do with technology. This followed since its rate of change was insignificant. However, recently, the case has been different. There has been a huge change in technological advancement that has in turn attracted questions about the relationship of this change and income distribution. Does technological change bring about equality in the distr ibution of income? The paper sought to answer this question. Therefore, in conclusion, technological change generally leads to inequality in the distribution of income. In spite of increased total income because of technological change, there is a disparity in the distribution of income with the distribution of income per capita being somehow higher in urban areas than in the rural areas. The percentage gap in the distribution of income tends to be higher in urban areas as compared to the rural areas because technological change is dependent on the use of new skills. The percentage share of income is, therefore, higher on the skilled labour than on the unskilled labours. The effect of technological change on income distribution is now clear using the functional approach of income distribution. Reference List Adelman, I., Robinson, S. (1989). Income Distribution and development. Berkeley: University of California press. Card, D. (2002). Skill-Biased Technological Change and Rising W age Inequality. Journal of Labor Economics,20 (4) , 733. Cutler, D., Katz, F. (1992). Rising Inequality? Changes in the Distribution of Income and Consumption in the 1980’s. Trends in Norwage Inequality,82 (2) , 548-551. David, C., Otsuka, K. (1994). Modern Rice Technology and Income Distribution in Asia. Philippines: Int. Rice Res. Inst. Galor, O., Zeira, J. (1993). Income Distribution and Macroeconomics. The Review of Economic Studies, 60(1) , 35-52. Krugman, P. (1979). A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer and World Distribution of income. Journal of Political Economy, 87 (21) , 253-254. Kumar , S., Russell, R. (2002). Technological Change, Technological Catch-up, and Capital Deepening: Relative Contributions to Growth and Convergence. American Economic Review Journal, 93(3) , 529-537. Kuznets, S. (1995). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 45 (1), 1-28. Scobie, G., Posada, T. (1978). The Impact of Technical Change on Income Distr ibution: The Case of Rice in Colombia. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,60(1), 86-88. Stiglitz, J. (1969). Distribution of Income and Wealth Among Individuals. Econometrica, 37 ( 3) , 382- 397. This essay on The Effect of Technological Change on the Distribution of Income was written and submitted by user Ingrid Mccray to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The University of Southamptons Print centre Essays

The University of Southamptons Print centre Essays The University of Southamptons Print centre Essay The University of Southamptons Print centre Essay A report on an Ethnographic pilot study of the University of Southamptons Print centre Introduction. This report follows an ethnographic pilot study into the universitys print centre. We were required to view the Print centre through the eyes of management consultants relating its operations to material covered in lectures. Background to the Print centre. Find out how long it has been running. The Print centre was initially setup to cater for the specialist print needs of the university. This has since changed and it is now also widely used by other organisations and the public. The centre has one manager and nine subordinates who specialise in different parts of the process. Located in a two-storey house on 99 University road it is soon to be demolished to make way for University Boulevard with the site of relocation as yet unconfirmed. Function of the Print centre. The Print centre offers a wide range of services focused toward the growing requirements of its users. Whilst the majority of the work undertaken is still conventional printing such as booklets and leaflets, they offer other services such as t-shirt printing and spine binding. Structure and culture of the Print centre. In relevance to the findings of Burns and Stalkers 1961 study into organisations The Management of Innovation the Print centre leans more toward a mechanistic structure. The characteristics that make it so, do however suffer a wide degree of variance due to the small number of staff. Specialisation and departmentalisation of work is apparent with each member of staff trained in one particular area. However the direction and decision making within the centre appears to take a more collective approach as opposed to management being the controlling force. It is easy to understand why, as the size and hierarchical nature of the centre makes consultation with, and influence from staff inevitable as described by Laurie J. Mullins. He says of small organisations the definition of authority and responsibility, and the relationship between members of the organisation can be established on a personal and informal basis (2002, p. 530). This fluctuation of the mechanistic characteristics highlights the contingency approach in that the environment shapes the structure of the centre. The specialisations of staff in the centre combined with the formalised work process are covered by what Charles B. Handy named the role culture (1976, p. 190). He likens this form of organisational culture to a Greek temple. This metaphor can be deconstructed when looking at the centre. Handy goes on to say The role organisation rests its strength in its pillars, its functions or specialities (1976 p. 190). Indeed each pillar is represented by one of the specialist areas, each needing to be as strong the others to ensure a solid and sound building. Holding the pillars in place is the pediment represented by the manager and her controlling influence, disseminating her authority down. Stakeholders. As the university owns and uses the Print centre the most they can be regarded as the primary stakeholder. It is for this reason that university work takes priority in busy periods. However if the balance shifted and customers from outside became the greatest users the bias would have to be addressed. The paper supplier is another important stakeholder in the organisation. The centre relies on JIT for their paper deliveries. This situation gives the supplier indirect influence over management decisions, for example if the manager sought a cheaper supplier they would have to offer the same level of reliability and service, a risk perhaps not worth taking. As mentioned above the centre has nine staff and one manager allowing the staff to exert a degree of control over management decisions, especially when acting as a collective. Ethical issues. British society today is heading toward a state where social responsibility, in an ethical sense, is no longer implored and congratulated but expected. The centre reflects this growing consensus by recycling of over 70% of its waste. They also offer the use of recycled paper if the user requests it and only use eco-friendly paints. In recognising the social contract between the centre and society they lean more toward the corporate social responsibility approach than Milton Friedmans profit maximisation beliefs. There is a possibility that the imminent relocation may raise some ethical issues for employees. However when analysing the relocation in respect to stakeholder theory, as the centre is still to remain on campus it is difficult to see how any party will be adversely affected. How well is the Print centre managed? Following studies undertaken by the Management Charter Initiative in 1991 entitled Crediting Competence they produced a set of four occupational standards employers thought managers should competent in. These were the ability to manage activities, resources, people and information. The activities are well managed with the product continually meeting customers requirements as discussed above. In terms of resources money is well managed. The centre is supposed to be a non-profit making organisation and as such prices are set accordingly. They do however make a profit, which is reinvested in new equipment so as to remain effective. The management of the premises is perhaps not effectively or efficiently managed with the flow of work-in-progress being a disjointed one, although this can partially be put down to the location. The relocation of the centre should provide scope for improvement here. Management of staff appears to be first rate with staff seeming happy and content in their work (the Hawthorne effect may be applicable). Information about the management of information was difficult to gather. In terms of work however all work is carried out from a job-sheet detailing the specifics of any particular job. Stocks, schedules, price quotes and other information can be accessed from a computer.

Anti-Social Personality Disorder Research Paper

Anti-Social Personality Disorder - Research Paper Example Its treatment includes cognitive behavioral therapy, risperidone, home visiting programs, and skill based programs. In applying the religious and spiritual applications of this disorder, it is possible to apply a more holistic assessment of the disorder, especially for those who consider spiritual and religious beliefs as essential elements to their full recovery. Anti-Social Personality Disorder I. Introduction Antisocial personality disorder is one of the disorders diagnosed by the DSM-IV or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders as personality disorders. This disorder is largely based on manifestations of personality – personalities which deviate from the normal physiological and mental functions of individuals. The DSM-IV discusses the following criteria for qualifying antisocial personality disorder: evidence of conduct disorder before the age of 15; pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others since the age of 15, manifesting with atle ast three of the following behavior: failure to conform to social norms in relation to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors, indicated by repeated acts meriting arrest; deceitfulness, marked by repeated lying, use of aliases, tricking others to gain profit or pleasure; impulsiveness; irritability and aggressiveness, with repeated physical fights; reckless disregard for safety of others and of self; consistent irresponsibility, marked by repeated failure to sustain work behavior or honor financial responsibilities; lack of remorse marked by indifference, rationalizing being hurt or mistreated by another (Ogloff, 2006). They are also likely to use aggression and deception to promote their personal interests and to basically get what they want (Porter and Woodworth, 2007). This paper shall discuss the disease in its historical context, as well as current research on its causes. It shall discuss the treatment approaches for this disorder, including the benefits of such treatmen t. It shall also consider research as to the prevention of this illness as well as cross cultural issues pertaining to the topic. Finally, it shall discuss the topic from a Christian worldview perspective, including the disorder’s cause, treatment, and prevention. This topic is being considered with the hope of establishing a clear and comprehensive assessment of the subject matter. II. Historical context In a discussion by Million, et.al., (as cited by Ogloff, 2006), the author set forth that psychopathy is one of the first personality disorders to be recognized in the field of psychiatry. Psychopathy originally referred to personality disorders seen as extreme forms of normal personalities. Practitioners have debated conditions characterized by antisocial behavior with the term manie sans delire coined in the 1700s to specify behavior from humans whose affective faculties have been discredited; critics point out however that it is a term which was useful only in court (Oglo ff, 2006). Throughout the years, various labels have been considered for the condition which has now been known simply as psychopathy. These labels included moral insanity, moral imbecility, degenerative constitution, and psychopathic taint. In the current context, antisocial personality disorder is applied in a much broader context than psychopathy;